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and
WRITTEN
ENGLISH
Susan
Conrad
Douglas Biber
Geoffrey Leech
Pearson Education Limited
Edinburgh Gate
Harlow
Essex
CM2O
2lE
England
and Associated Companies throughout the World.
O Pearson Education Limited
2002
The rights of Susan Conrad, Douglas Biber, and Geoffrey Leech to be
identified as authors of this work have been asserted by them in
accordance with the Copyright, Designs, and PatentsAct
1988.
All rights resewed; no part of fhis publication mybe reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in anyform or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without
the prior written permission of the Publishers.
First published
2002
Third Impression
2003
Words that the editors have reasonto believe constitute trademarks
have been described as such. However, neither the presence nor the
absehce of such a description should beregarded as affecting the le
status of any trademark.
ISBN
0
582 539420
Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Pubtiration Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
British Library Cataloguing-in-PublicationData
A catalogue record for this book is available from the BritishLibrary.
Designed by Trait Design, Tiptree, Essex.
Set in MetaPlus by Trait Design, Tiptree, Essex
Printed in Great Britain by Ashford Colowr Press Ltd, Gosport, Hampshire.
Contents
Introduction
4
1
A discourse perspective on grammar
7
2 Words and word classes
11
3 Introduction to phrases and clauses
17
4
Nouns, pronouns, and the simple noun phrase
2
1
5 Verbs
29
6
Variation in the verb phrase: tense, aspect, voice, and modal use
39
7 Adjectives and adverbs
48
8
Exploringthe grammar of the clause
57
9 Complex noun phrases
10 Verb and adjective complement clauses
11 Adverbials
12 Word order choices
13' The grammar ofconversation
Answers
Introduction
To
the student
We designed this
Workbook
to give you practice in analyzing English grammar and
understanding how it works in real communication.The
Workbook
differs from other
grammar textbooks known to us in its exclusive focus on how English is actually used. All
examples in the exercises are taken from naturally occurring English texts and
conversations, rather than being invented, idealized language.
Advantages
of
this
Workbook
The focus on real language has three advantages.
First, authentic instances of how people really use the language are more interesting
than made-up sentences. They can even be fun! It is often entertaining to see what
people actually say and write.
Second, analyzing authentic examples will give you the tools you need as English
language students and professionals. Authentic pieces of English can be messy, and
less 'tidy' than made-up sentences. But a book with made-up sentences would not
have prepared you to understand the use of grammar in natural settings. For example,
ifyou become an English teacher, your students will ask you to explain the grammar of
real language use: sentences in their essays, or snatches they heard on the radio or
read in a newspaper. Also, during the rest of your time as a student, it is likely that you
will be surrounded by authentic English: in conversations, lectures, textbooks,
newspapers, and so on. This
Workbook
will give you the practice and tools needed to
analyze the grammatical structure of the language around you.
Third, in our focus on authentic language we explicitly contrast the grammar of spoken
and written English. You will quickly discover that the typical grammatical
constructions of conversation are very different from those found in academic writing.
You will probably be especially surprised by the grammar of conversation: rather than
consisting of simple one-clausesentences (as you might imagine from some
textbooks), you will find that conversation regularly makes use of complex-seeming
structures with many kinds of embedding, as well as a generous sprinkling of ultra-
simple structures which have no verb and contain only one or two words. In contrast,
written texts build up their complexity with longer phrases, with much embedding of
one phrase in another. By examining and contrasting the grammar of these different
kinds of language, you will gain the expertise and insight needed to apply your
knowledge in real communication.
Usingthe
Workbook
The
Workbook
is designed to be used together with the
Longman Student Grammar of
Spoken and Written English (SGSWE).
There are thirteen chapters in
SGSWE,
and each
chapter is divided into manageable sections called 'grammar bites'. We have used this
same organization in the
Workbook,
providing exercises for each of the grammar bites in
SGSWE.
In addition, we provide 'synthesis' exercises at the end of each chapter, to help
you integrate a range of related topics and skills covered in the different grammar bites.
The synthesis tasks often involve more extended pieces of written or spoken language.
In addition, many chapters end with a set of sentences for additional practice, or
diagramming ifyour study includes the use of tree diagrams. Diagrammingsentences is a
useful exercise because itenables you to make sure your grasp of grammatical structure
is complete and explicit. The chapters contain many examples which could be used for
diagramming practice, but the set of sentences at the end of each chapter has been
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